diff --git a/.jules/bolt.md b/.jules/bolt.md
index 3faa4acb..c33a233e 100644
--- a/.jules/bolt.md
+++ b/.jules/bolt.md
@@ -70,3 +70,7 @@
 ## 2024-05-24 - Web Property Extraction Optimization
 **Learning:** Extracting properties from the `RuntimeValue` DSL property lists in `stdlib/src/web/renderer.rs` and `stdlib/src/web/db.rs` was inefficient because the code called `.iter().find()` to resolve `text`, `id`, and `name` attributes, which creates unnecessary iterator overhead and closure allocation.
 **Action:** Replace `.iter().find()` calls with a single-pass `for p in &dsl.properties` loop and `if` statements on the property names, stopping early when found, which significantly reduces execution overhead.
+
+## 2026-09-30 - ValueStack duplication optimization
+**Learning:** In VM execution loop, handling stack duplication (`Opcode::Dup`) via separate `stack.peek()?` and `stack.push()` calls incurs redundant stack bounds checks and error handling overhead. Encapsulating this in a single `stack.dup()` method simplifies the execution path.
+**Action:** Always provide dedicated single-pass methods on collection wrappers (such as `ValueStack::dup`) when an operation involves reading and duplicating the top element on the same structure.
diff --git a/runtime/vm/src/executor.rs b/runtime/vm/src/executor.rs
index ace9bb00..01b63b29 100644
--- a/runtime/vm/src/executor.rs
+++ b/runtime/vm/src/executor.rs
@@ -149,8 +149,7 @@ impl VM {
                 }
 
                 Opcode::Dup => {
-                    let val = self.stack.peek()?.clone();
-                    self.stack.push(val)?;
+                    self.stack.dup()?;
                 }
 
                 Opcode::Add => {
diff --git a/runtime/vm/src/stack.rs b/runtime/vm/src/stack.rs
index f064ad7f..51bf7c3f 100644
--- a/runtime/vm/src/stack.rs
+++ b/runtime/vm/src/stack.rs
@@ -30,6 +30,16 @@ impl ValueStack {
         self.data.pop().ok_or(VMError::StackUnderflow)
     }
 
+    /// Duplicates the top value on the stack.
+    pub fn dup(&mut self) -> Result<(), VMError> {
+        let val = self.data.last().ok_or(VMError::StackUnderflow)?;
+        if self.data.len() >= self.max_size {
+            return Err(VMError::StackOverflow);
+        }
+        self.data.push(val.clone());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     /// Returns a reference to the top value.
     pub fn peek(&self) -> Result<&RuntimeValue, VMError> {
         self.data.last().ok_or(VMError::StackUnderflow)
@@ -80,3 +90,23 @@ impl ValueStack {
         &self.data
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_stack_dup() {
+        let mut stack = ValueStack::new(2);
+        assert_eq!(stack.dup(), Err(VMError::StackUnderflow));
+
+        stack.push(RuntimeValue::Int(42)).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(stack.len(), 1);
+
+        stack.dup().unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(stack.len(), 2);
+        assert_eq!(stack.peek().unwrap(), &RuntimeValue::Int(42));
+
+        assert_eq!(stack.dup(), Err(VMError::StackOverflow));
+    }
+}