diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b07e83f1..ff670c8d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 [workspace]
 resolver = "3"
 members = ["crates/*"]
-exclude = ["examples/basic", "fixtures"]
+exclude = ["examples/basic", "examples/last_will", "fixtures"]
 
 [workspace.package]
 license = "MIT"
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index f95a4418..0a335f1c 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ To view the available options, run the help command:
 simplex -h
 ```
 
-### Example
+### Examples
 
 Check out the complete project examples in the `examples` directory to learn more.
 
diff --git a/examples/last_will/.gitignore b/examples/last_will/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..327555cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/last_will/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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diff --git a/examples/last_will/Cargo.lock b/examples/last_will/Cargo.lock
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index 00000000..d6f453f7
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/examples/last_will/Cargo.toml b/examples/last_will/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..57371240
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/last_will/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[package]
+name = "last_will_example"
+edition = "2024"
+rust-version = "1.91.0"
+version = "0.1.0"
+
+[dependencies]
+smplx-std = { path = "../../crates/simplex" }
+
+anyhow = { version = "1.0.101" }
+bitcoin_hashes = { version = "0.14" }
diff --git a/examples/last_will/README.md b/examples/last_will/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7da8c7c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/last_will/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+# Last Will Simplex Example
+
+This example builds on [`examples/basic`](../basic). Where `p2pk.simf`
+there is a single spending condition, `last_will.simf` is a recursive
+covenant: it re-creates itself on-chain across a series of transactions,
+and offers three spending actions, each requiring a signature from a
+specific key.
+
+## Overview
+
+`last_will.simf` implements a simple inheritance scheme with three keys
+and an inheritance distance, all supplied to the contract as `param::`
+arguments:
+
+* **Inherit**: after the covenant sits untouched for
+  `param::INHERITANCE_DISTANCE` blocks (relative timelock), the inheritor's
+  key can withdraw the funds. The upstream contract hardcodes 25920 blocks,
+  about 18 days at Liquid's 1-minute block time; this example passes 1440
+  instead, so the tests can mine it.
+* **ColdSpend**: the owner's cold key can break out of the covenant at any
+  time, with no wait required.
+* **HotSpend**: the owner's hot key can spend at any time, which resets
+  the inheritance clock. `refresh_spend` checks a signature and then calls
+  `recursive_covenant()`, which requires the transaction to pay back into
+  the same covenant script (output 0) alongside an Elements fee output
+  (output 1).
+
+For Simplex compatibility, these actions are represented here as `Either`
+types (instantiated with `Left`/`Right`) rather than named `enum` values.
+
+### Keys
+
+Each key comes from its own Simplex wallet. `tests/last_will_test.rs`
+builds one per party with `TestContext::create_signer`, each from its own
+BIP-39 mnemonic, the same way `Simplex.toml`'s `[test] mnemonic` produces
+the default test wallet:
+
+```rust
+let inheritor = context.create_signer(INHERITOR_MNEMONIC);
+```
+
+Their public keys become the contract's `param::INHERITOR_PK`,
+`param::COLD_PK` and `param::HOT_PK`, alongside
+`param::INHERITANCE_DISTANCE`. The covenant's script, and therefore its
+address, is derived from all four;
+`hot_spend_wrong_continuation_script_fails` relies on that, refreshing into
+a covenant with the same three keys but a doubled inheritance distance,
+which the contract rejects.
+
+The witness holds a placeholder signature at the branch being taken,
+`ProgramSignature::at_path` names that position, and the signer fills it
+in.
+
+The mnemonics in the test file are standard BIP-39 test vectors, so
+their keys are public. Generate your own secrets for any deployment
+holding real funds.
+
+### Outputs and fees
+
+The tests give Simplex the input and a change target. Simplex appends the
+change output, then an Elements fee output, and works out both amounts:
+
+```rust
+ft.add_change(ChangeOutput::new(change_to));
+```
+
+For a **HotSpend** the change target is the covenant's own script, which
+produces the two outputs `recursive_covenant()` requires: output 0 paying
+back into the same covenant, output 1 the fee. For **ColdSpend** and
+**Inherit** the contract doesn't constrain outputs, so the change target is
+the spending party's wallet.
+
+Three tests check that the covenant rejects a malformed output set: one
+with a single output, one with a non-fee output at index 1, and one with
+the fee and continuation outputs swapped. A change target can't produce
+those shapes, because Simplex appends any change output before the fee
+output. Those tests list their outputs directly and sign with
+`Signer::sign_tx`, which doesn't append any outputs.
+
+The repository structure is the same shape as `examples/basic`:
+
+```md
+root
+├── simf — Simplicity smart contracts source directory
+├── src — Declares the generated artifacts module
+│   └── artifacts — Simplicity artifacts generated by Simplex (gitignored)
+├── tests — Simplex tests directory
+├── Cargo.toml — The project's Rust configuration
+└── Simplex.toml — The project's Simplex configuration
+```
+
+### Build
+
+```bash
+simplex build
+```
+
+As with `examples/basic`, this generates `src/artifacts`, already declared
+as a module in `src/lib.rs`.
+
+### Test
+
+```bash
+simplex test -v
+```
+
+The `-v` option shows the test suite's narration: each test prints what
+it's attempting and whether local execution or the node accepted it.
+Several tests expect a rejection (wrong key, broken
+`recursive_covenant()` check, or inheritance claimed too early).
+
+One test, `inherit_after_wait_succeeds`, mines the required blocks on the
+local regtest so that the inheritance wait has elapsed.
+
+### Low-level tracing
+
+To see a local trace of the SimplicityHL contract executing in each test,
+run the tests with an extra `-v`:
+
+```bash
+simplex test -vv
+```
+
+This shows the individual
+[jet](https://docs.simplicity-lang.org/documentation/jets) calls during
+the course of the contract's execution, with their input and output
+values. You can use this information to follow the contract's own logic
+during transaction validation. For example, in the test cases that
+exercise invalid spend conditions, you can see where the failures and
+rejections happened.
diff --git a/examples/last_will/Simplex.toml b/examples/last_will/Simplex.toml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5f23542e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/last_will/Simplex.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[build]
+src_dir = "./simf"
+simf_files = ["*.simf"]
+out_dir = "./src/artifacts"
diff --git a/examples/last_will/simf/last_will.simf b/examples/last_will/simf/last_will.simf
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..75f4ba1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/last_will/simf/last_will.simf
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/*
+ * LAST WILL
+ *
+ * The inheritor can spend the coins if the owner doesn't move them for
+ * `param::INHERITANCE_DISTANCE` blocks. The owner has to repeat the
+ * covenant when moving the coins with the hot key. The owner can break
+ * out of the covenant with the cold key.
+ *
+ * Adapted from `last_will.simf` in BlockstreamResearch/SimplicityHL.
+ * Changes:
+ *
+ *   - The three public keys and the inheritance distance are `param::`
+ *     arguments rather than constants written into the source, so each
+ *     deployment is bound to its own keys and picks its own wait, and the
+ *     test suite can sign with ordinary Simplex wallets.
+ *   - The older Left/Right mechanism for selecting the spending action,
+ *     instead of an `enum`, is restored because Simplex currently doesn't
+ *     support contracts using `enum`.
+ */
+use crate::timelocks::enforce_relative_distance;
+
+fn checksig(pk: Pubkey, sig: Signature) {
+    let msg: u256 = jet::sig_all_hash();
+    jet::bip_0340_verify((pk, msg), sig);
+}
+
+// Enforce the covenant to repeat in the first output.
+//
+// Elements has explicit fee outputs, so enforce a fee output in the second output.
+// Disallow further outputs.
+fn recursive_covenant() {
+    assert!(jet::eq_32(jet::num_outputs(), 2));
+    let this_script_hash: u256 = jet::current_script_hash();
+    let output_script_hash: u256 = unwrap(jet::output_script_hash(0));
+    assert!(jet::eq_256(this_script_hash, output_script_hash));
+    assert!(unwrap(jet::output_is_fee(1)));
+}
+
+fn inherit_spend(inheritor_sig: Signature) {
+    enforce_relative_distance(param::INHERITANCE_DISTANCE);
+    checksig(param::INHERITOR_PK, inheritor_sig);
+}
+
+fn cold_spend(cold_sig: Signature) {
+    checksig(param::COLD_PK, cold_sig);
+}
+
+fn refresh_spend(hot_sig: Signature) {
+    checksig(param::HOT_PK, hot_sig);
+    recursive_covenant();
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    match witness::INHERIT_OR_NOT {
+        Left(inheritor_sig: Signature) => inherit_spend(inheritor_sig),
+        Right(cold_or_hot: Either<Signature, Signature>) => match cold_or_hot {
+            Left(cold_sig: Signature) => cold_spend(cold_sig),
+            Right(hot_sig: Signature) => refresh_spend(hot_sig),
+        },
+    }
+}
diff --git a/examples/last_will/simf/timelocks.simf b/examples/last_will/simf/timelocks.simf
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ee55973
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/last_will/simf/timelocks.simf
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+pub fn enforce_relative_distance(min_distance: Distance) {
+    // Assert that the current input is spent in a transaction that can
+    // only appear a distance of at least min_distance blocks after the
+    // block containing the input UTXO.
+    // Panic otherwise.
+
+    // This is a replacement for jet::broken_do_not_use_check_lock_distance.
+
+    // Transaction version must be at least 2.
+    assert!(jet::le_32(2, jet::version()));
+
+    // Fetch and parse sequence
+    let actual_data: Either<Distance, Duration> = unwrap(jet::parse_sequence(jet::current_sequence()));
+    let actual_distance: Distance = unwrap_left::<Duration>(actual_data);
+
+    assert!(jet::le_16(min_distance, actual_distance));
+}
diff --git a/examples/last_will/src/lib.rs b/examples/last_will/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..91946c71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/last_will/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub mod artifacts;
diff --git a/examples/last_will/tests/last_will_test.rs b/examples/last_will/tests/last_will_test.rs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d9ad0da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/examples/last_will/tests/last_will_test.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,788 @@
+// Narrated Simplex demo for `last_will.simf`, a recursive covenant.
+//
+// These tests exercise various failure conditions in addition to the
+// happy paths. They show how the contract logic and network consensus
+// enforce spending rules.
+
+use last_will_example::artifacts::last_will::LastWillProgram;
+use last_will_example::artifacts::last_will::derived_last_will::{LastWillArguments, LastWillWitness};
+
+use simplex::constants::DUMMY_SIGNATURE;
+use simplex::either::Either;
+use simplex::program::ProgramError;
+use simplex::provider::{ProviderError, SimplicityNetwork};
+use simplex::signer::{Signer, SignerError};
+use simplex::simplicityhl::elements::{Script, Sequence, Txid};
+use simplex::transaction::{
+    ChangeOutput, FinalTransaction, PartialInput, PartialOutput, ProgramInput, ProgramSignature, UTXO,
+};
+
+// The three roles each get their own wallet, built from its own BIP-39
+// mnemonic. The contract takes their public keys as `param::` arguments, so
+// the covenant is bound to these three wallets rather than to keys written
+// into the contract source.
+//
+// These are standard BIP-39 test vectors. They are public knowledge and must
+// never hold real funds.
+const INHERITOR_MNEMONIC: &str =
+    "legal winner thank year wave sausage worth useful legal winner thank yellow";
+const COLD_MNEMONIC: &str =
+    "letter advice cage absurd amount doctor acoustic avoid letter advice cage above";
+const HOT_MNEMONIC: &str = "zoo zoo zoo zoo zoo zoo zoo zoo zoo zoo zoo wrong";
+
+// Passed to the contract as `param::INHERITANCE_DISTANCE`, so this is the only
+// place the value is defined.
+//
+// The original contract uses 25920 blocks, about 18 days at Liquid's
+// 1-minute block time. This demo uses 1440 (1 day) to keep the mining cheap;
+// mining tens of thousands of blocks on regtest risks a `nextest` timeout.
+const INHERITANCE_DISTANCE: u16 = 1440;
+
+// Every test funds a fresh covenant instance with the same amount, and the
+// fee is worked out by Simplex rather than fixed here.
+const FUNDING_AMOUNT: u64 = 100_000;
+
+/// The three parties and the covenant they're bound to.
+struct Parties {
+    inheritor: Signer,
+    cold: Signer,
+    hot: Signer,
+    arguments: LastWillArguments,
+    program: LastWillProgram,
+}
+
+impl Parties {
+    fn new(context: &simplex::TestContext) -> Self {
+        let inheritor = context.create_signer(INHERITOR_MNEMONIC);
+        let cold = context.create_signer(COLD_MNEMONIC);
+        let hot = context.create_signer(HOT_MNEMONIC);
+
+        // Parameters are compiled into the program, so these four values
+        // determine the covenant's script, and therefore its address.
+        let arguments = LastWillArguments {
+            inheritance_distance: INHERITANCE_DISTANCE,
+            inheritor_pk: inheritor.get_schnorr_public_key().serialize(),
+            cold_pk: cold.get_schnorr_public_key().serialize(),
+            hot_pk: hot.get_schnorr_public_key().serialize(),
+        };
+
+        Self {
+            inheritor,
+            cold,
+            hot,
+            program: LastWillProgram::new(&arguments),
+            arguments,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The covenant these three wallets are bound to. `Program` caches its
+    /// compilation, so holding one instance here compiles the contract once per
+    /// test rather than once per spend.
+    fn program(&self) -> &LastWillProgram {
+        &self.program
+    }
+
+    fn script(&self, context: &simplex::TestContext) -> Script {
+        self.program.get_script_pubkey(context.get_network())
+    }
+
+    /// The same contract and the same three parties, but with a doubled
+    /// inheritance distance, so it's a valid last will covenant at a
+    /// different address.
+    fn other_covenant_script(&self, context: &simplex::TestContext) -> Script {
+        let mut arguments = self.arguments.clone();
+        arguments.inheritance_distance = INHERITANCE_DISTANCE * 2;
+
+        LastWillProgram::new(&arguments).get_script_pubkey(context.get_network())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Which of the contract's three branches a spend takes.
+///
+/// `witness::INHERIT_OR_NOT` is an `Either<Signature, Either<Signature,
+/// Signature>>`, so each spending path is a position in that nested type.
+/// `witness()` puts a placeholder signature at that position, and
+/// `signature()` names the same position for the signer, which replaces it.
+/// An `enum` would read better in the contract, but Simplex doesn't support
+/// contracts that use one.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+enum SpendPath {
+    Inherit,
+    ColdSpend,
+    HotSpend,
+}
+
+impl SpendPath {
+    fn witness(self) -> LastWillWitness {
+        self.witness_with(DUMMY_SIGNATURE)
+    }
+
+    fn witness_with(self, signature: [u8; 64]) -> LastWillWitness {
+        LastWillWitness {
+            inherit_or_not: match self {
+                SpendPath::Inherit => Either::Left(signature),
+                SpendPath::ColdSpend => Either::Right(Either::Left(signature)),
+                SpendPath::HotSpend => Either::Right(Either::Right(signature)),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn signature(self) -> ProgramSignature {
+        let path: &[&str] = match self {
+            SpendPath::Inherit => &["Left"],
+            SpendPath::ColdSpend => &["Right", "Left"],
+            SpendPath::HotSpend => &["Right", "Right"],
+        };
+        ProgramSignature::new("INHERIT_OR_NOT").at_path(path)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Where a spend sends the value it takes out of the covenant.
+///
+/// Only `SpendPath::HotSpend` constrains this: `recursive_covenant()` requires
+/// output 0 to pay back into the covenant. The other two paths don't constrain
+/// outputs, so the value can go wherever the spender wants.
+enum ChangeTo {
+    /// The spending party's own wallet.
+    SpenderWallet,
+    /// Back into the covenant itself, which is what a `HotSpend` requires.
+    Covenant,
+    /// Some other script, which a `HotSpend` must reject.
+    Other(Script),
+}
+
+/// An Elements fee output. Unlike Bitcoin, Elements/Liquid represents the
+/// transaction fee as an explicit output with an empty scriptPubKey, which
+/// `recursive_covenant()` checks for at output index 1 with
+/// `jet::output_is_fee(1)`.
+fn fee_output(amount: u64, network: &SimplicityNetwork) -> PartialOutput {
+    PartialOutput::new(Script::new(), amount, network.policy_asset())
+}
+
+/// Funds a fresh covenant instance, then spends it via `path`, signed by
+/// `signer`.
+///
+/// Returns the local-execution or broadcast error (if any) unexamined, so
+/// callers can assert either success or a specific failure result.
+fn spend_action(
+    context: &simplex::TestContext,
+    parties: &Parties,
+    description: &str,
+    path: SpendPath,
+    sequence: Sequence,
+    signer: &Signer,
+    change_to: ChangeTo,
+) -> anyhow::Result<Txid> {
+    let prog = parties.program();
+    let script = prog.get_script_pubkey(context.get_network());
+
+    let utxo = fund_covenant(context, &script)?;
+
+    let change_to = match change_to {
+        ChangeTo::SpenderWallet => signer.get_address().script_pubkey(),
+        ChangeTo::Covenant => script,
+        ChangeTo::Other(other) => other,
+    };
+    let ft = covenant_spend(prog, utxo, path, sequence, change_to);
+
+    println!("Submitting {description}...");
+
+    // One call: coin selection, the change and fee outputs, local execution,
+    // signing and broadcast. A test that needs to control those steps uses
+    // `spend_with_exact_outputs` instead.
+    let receipt = signer.broadcast(&ft)?;
+    println!("  -> accepted: {receipt}");
+    Ok(receipt.txid())
+}
+
+/// Builds a spend of `utxo` through `path`, sending the value to `change_to`.
+///
+/// The transaction carries one input and no explicit outputs: `Signer` appends
+/// the change output and then the Elements fee output, and works out both
+/// amounts. For a `SpendPath::HotSpend` with `change_to` set to the covenant's
+/// own script, those two appended outputs are what `recursive_covenant()`
+/// requires: output 0 back into the covenant, output 1 the fee.
+fn covenant_spend(
+    prog: &LastWillProgram,
+    utxo: UTXO,
+    path: SpendPath,
+    sequence: Sequence,
+    change_to: Script,
+) -> FinalTransaction {
+    let mut ft = FinalTransaction::new();
+
+    ft.add_program_input(
+        PartialInput::new(utxo).with_sequence(sequence),
+        ProgramInput::new(Box::new(prog.as_ref().clone()), path.witness()),
+        Some(path.signature()),
+    );
+    ft.add_change(ChangeOutput::new(change_to));
+
+    ft
+}
+
+/// Funds a fresh instance of the covenant at `script` and returns its UTXO,
+/// once the funding transaction has confirmed.
+///
+/// The built-in regtest mines a block on every broadcast, so there the
+/// `TxReceipt::wait` returns at once. With an external Esplora provider
+/// (`[test.esplora]`), it makes each test wait for a block instead of reading
+/// the UTXO from the mempool.
+fn fund_covenant(context: &simplex::TestContext, script: &Script) -> anyhow::Result<UTXO> {
+    let receipt = context.get_default_signer().send(script.clone(), FUNDING_AMOUNT)?;
+    let txid = receipt.txid();
+
+    receipt.wait()?;
+
+    covenant_utxo(context, script, txid)
+}
+
+/// The UTXO that transaction `txid` created at `script`.
+///
+/// Selecting by txid avoids picking up whichever other UTXO the covenant's
+/// script happens to hold.
+fn covenant_utxo(context: &simplex::TestContext, script: &Script, txid: Txid) -> anyhow::Result<UTXO> {
+    context
+        .get_default_provider()
+        .fetch_scripthash_utxos(script)?
+        .into_iter()
+        .find(|utxo| utxo.outpoint.txid == txid)
+        .ok_or_else(|| anyhow::anyhow!("transaction {txid} produced no UTXO at the covenant script"))
+}
+
+/// Spends a covenant UTXO with a transaction whose outputs are given exactly
+/// as `outputs`, with no change output and no automatic fee output.
+///
+/// Every caller is a test that expects the spend to be rejected. Spends that
+/// are meant to succeed go through `spend_action`.
+///
+/// The output-shape tests below violate `recursive_covenant()` on purpose: one
+/// output instead of two, a non-fee output at index 1, and the fee and
+/// continuation outputs swapped. `spend_action` can't express those, because
+/// `Signer::broadcast` would append its own change and fee outputs on top and
+/// fail the `num_outputs() == 2` check instead of the one under test.
+/// `Signer::sign_tx` doesn't append any outputs, so these transactions are
+/// balanced by hand.
+fn spend_with_exact_outputs(
+    context: &simplex::TestContext,
+    parties: &Parties,
+    description: &str,
+    path: SpendPath,
+    sequence: Sequence,
+    signer: &Signer,
+    outputs: Vec<PartialOutput>,
+) -> anyhow::Result<Txid> {
+    let prog = parties.program();
+    let script = prog.get_script_pubkey(context.get_network());
+
+    let utxo = fund_covenant(context, &script)?;
+
+    let mut ft = FinalTransaction::new();
+    ft.add_program_input(
+        PartialInput::new(utxo).with_sequence(sequence),
+        ProgramInput::new(Box::new(prog.as_ref().clone()), path.witness()),
+        Some(path.signature()),
+    );
+    for output in outputs {
+        ft.add_output(output);
+    }
+
+    println!("Submitting {description}...");
+
+    let tx = signer.sign_tx(&ft)?.extract_tx()?;
+    let receipt = context.get_default_provider().broadcast_transaction(&tx)?;
+    println!("  -> accepted: {receipt}");
+    Ok(receipt.txid())
+}
+
+/// Asserts that a spend helper's result failed during local Simplicity
+/// execution rather than succeeding or failing only once it reached a
+/// node. Every test that expects a spend to be rejected outright (wrong
+/// key, or a `recursive_covenant()` violation) fails this way: the
+/// contract's own logic catches it before broadcast is ever attempted.
+///
+/// Both spend helpers run the program through the `Signer`, so a failed
+/// `assert!` always arrives as `ProgramError::ProgramExecution`. Matching the
+/// type rather than the message text keeps the test independent of a
+/// dependency's wording.
+fn expect_assert_failure(result: anyhow::Result<Txid>, what_was_wrong: &str) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    match result {
+        Ok(txid) => {
+            anyhow::bail!("expected local execution to reject this ({what_was_wrong}), but it broadcast: {txid}")
+        }
+        Err(err) => {
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                matches!(
+                    err.downcast_ref::<SignerError>(),
+                    Some(SignerError::Program(ProgramError::ProgramExecution { .. }))
+                ),
+                "expected an assertion failure ({what_was_wrong}), got a different error: {err}"
+            );
+            println!("  -> rejected locally, as expected: {what_was_wrong}\n");
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[simplex::test]
+fn cold_spend_breaks_out_of_the_covenant(context: simplex::TestContext) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let parties = Parties::new(&context);
+
+    println!(
+        "\n=== ColdSpend: the owner cancels the covenant entirely ===\n\n\
+         `cold_spend` is the simplest of the three paths, just a signature check\n\
+         against `param::COLD_PK`. Whoever holds the cold private key\n\
+         can withdraw the funds from this covenant at any time, ending it.\n"
+    );
+
+    spend_action(
+        &context,
+        &parties,
+        "ColdSpend transaction, signed with the cold key",
+        SpendPath::ColdSpend,
+        Sequence::default(),
+        &parties.cold,
+        ChangeTo::SpenderWallet,
+    )?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[simplex::test]
+fn hot_spend_refreshes_the_covenant(context: simplex::TestContext) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let parties = Parties::new(&context);
+
+    println!(
+        "\n=== HotSpend: the owner checks in, and the covenant is refreshed ===\n\n\
+         `refresh_spend` checks a signature and then calls `recursive_covenant()`,\n\
+         which requires the transaction to have two outputs. Output 0 must be a new\n\
+         UTXO paying back to the same covenant script, verified by comparing\n\
+         script hashes rather than by trusting the witness. Output 1 must be a\n\
+         fee output. These two checks carry the covenant across transactions.\n\n\
+         The test doesn't assemble those two outputs itself: it hands Simplex the\n\
+         covenant's own script as the change target, and Simplex emits the change\n\
+         output followed by the fee output, working out both amounts.\n"
+    );
+
+    spend_action(
+        &context,
+        &parties,
+        "HotSpend transaction, signed with the hot key",
+        SpendPath::HotSpend,
+        Sequence::default(),
+        &parties.hot,
+        ChangeTo::Covenant,
+    )?;
+
+    println!(
+        "The covenant's {INHERITANCE_DISTANCE}-block inheritance clock has been\n\
+         reset. The new UTXO this transaction creates is a fresh instance of the\n\
+         same covenant, carrying the same rules as the original.\n"
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[simplex::test]
+fn inherit_too_early_is_rejected(context: simplex::TestContext) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let parties = Parties::new(&context);
+
+    println!(
+        "\n=== Inherit, attempted immediately: rejected by the network ===\n\n\
+         The inheritor declares a sequence number claiming the full {INHERITANCE_DISTANCE}-block\n\
+         wait has passed. `enforce_relative_distance` only checks that the declared\n\
+         value is large enough. It cannot see the chain state, so local execution\n\
+         succeeds. No blocks are mined first, so the distance actually elapsed since\n\
+         funding falls short of the declared value, and the node rejects the\n\
+         transaction as too early.\n"
+    );
+
+    let result = spend_action(
+        &context,
+        &parties,
+        &format!(
+            "Inherit transaction, declaring the full {INHERITANCE_DISTANCE}-block wait, with no blocks actually mined"
+        ),
+        SpendPath::Inherit,
+        Sequence::from_height(INHERITANCE_DISTANCE),
+        &parties.inheritor,
+        ChangeTo::SpenderWallet,
+    );
+
+    match result {
+        Ok(txid) => {
+            anyhow::bail!("expected the node to reject this broadcast, but it succeeded: {txid}")
+        }
+        Err(err) => {
+            // `ProviderError::BroadcastRejected` carries the node's own response
+            // body. Matching that variant, rather than grepping the formatted
+            // error chain, keeps this test specific to a network rejection: a
+            // local `assert!` failure arrives as
+            // `ProgramError::ProgramExecution` and must not pass here.
+            let Some(SignerError::Provider(ProviderError::BroadcastRejected { message, .. })) =
+                err.downcast_ref::<SignerError>()
+            else {
+                anyhow::bail!("expected the node to reject this broadcast, got a different error: {err}")
+            };
+
+            anyhow::ensure!(
+                message.contains("non-BIP68-final"),
+                "expected a `non-BIP68-final` rejection specifically, got: {message}"
+            );
+            println!("  -> rejected by the node: {message}\n");
+            println!(
+                "`non-BIP68-final` means the input's relative timelock (a BIP 68\n\
+                 consensus rule) hasn't expired yet, so the node refuses the transaction.\n"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[simplex::test]
+fn inherit_after_wait_succeeds(context: simplex::TestContext) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let parties = Parties::new(&context);
+
+    println!(
+        "\n=== Inherit successfully: fast-forwarding {INHERITANCE_DISTANCE} blocks ===\n\n\
+         At Liquid's 1-minute block time, {INHERITANCE_DISTANCE} blocks is about a day.\n\
+         In a real deployment, the inheritor has to wait the correct amount of time\n\
+         before inheriting. For demonstration purposes, this test asks the regtest\n\
+         node to mine the required number of blocks immediately.\n"
+    );
+
+    let prog = parties.program();
+    let script = prog.get_script_pubkey(context.get_network());
+
+    // The relative timelock runs from the height the funding output confirmed
+    // at, so the target below has to be measured from a tip that contains it.
+    let utxo = fund_covenant(&context, &script)?;
+
+    let target = context.get_default_provider().fetch_tip_height()? as u64 + u64::from(INHERITANCE_DISTANCE);
+    context.get_network_utils().mine_until_height(target)?;
+    println!("Mined up to height {target}.\n");
+
+    let to = parties.inheritor.get_address().script_pubkey();
+    let ft = covenant_spend(prog, utxo, SpendPath::Inherit, Sequence::from_height(INHERITANCE_DISTANCE), to);
+
+    println!("Submitting the same Inherit transaction as before, now that the wait is real...");
+
+    let receipt = parties.inheritor.broadcast(&ft)?;
+    println!("  -> accepted: {receipt}");
+
+    println!(
+        "\nThe same spend that was rejected before now succeeds. The contract and\n\
+         witness are the same, but the blockchain state has changed.\n"
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+// =====================================================================
+// Wrong-key tests: each of the three paths checks a signature against a
+// specific one of the contract's three `param::` public keys. These tests
+// deliberately sign with the wrong party's wallet and so fail during local
+// execution.
+// =====================================================================
+
+#[simplex::test]
+fn hot_spend_with_cold_key_fails(context: simplex::TestContext) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let parties = Parties::new(&context);
+
+    println!(
+        "\n=== HotSpend, signed with the cold key instead of the hot key ===\n\n\
+         Correctly structured HotSpend, but signed by the cold wallet instead of\n\
+         the hot wallet, so the signature does not verify against `param::HOT_PK`.\n"
+    );
+    let result = spend_action(
+        &context,
+        &parties,
+        "HotSpend transaction, signed with the cold key instead of the hot key",
+        SpendPath::HotSpend,
+        Sequence::default(),
+        &parties.cold,
+        ChangeTo::Covenant,
+    );
+    expect_assert_failure(result, "cold key signed a HotSpend")
+}
+
+#[simplex::test]
+fn hot_spend_with_inheritor_key_fails(context: simplex::TestContext) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let parties = Parties::new(&context);
+
+    println!(
+        "\n=== HotSpend, signed with the inheritor's key instead of the hot key ===\n\n\
+         Same idea as the cold-key case, but with the inheritor's wallet: the\n\
+         inheritor cannot act as the owner and bypass the timelock.\n"
+    );
+    let result = spend_action(
+        &context,
+        &parties,
+        "HotSpend transaction, signed with the inheritor's key instead of the hot key",
+        SpendPath::HotSpend,
+        Sequence::default(),
+        &parties.inheritor,
+        ChangeTo::Covenant,
+    );
+    expect_assert_failure(result, "inheritor key signed a HotSpend")
+}
+
+#[simplex::test]
+fn cold_spend_with_hot_key_fails(context: simplex::TestContext) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let parties = Parties::new(&context);
+
+    println!(
+        "\n=== ColdSpend, signed with the hot key instead of the cold key ===\n\n\
+         Even though the two owner-held keys (hot and cold) belong to the same person\n\
+         in practice, they aren't interchangeable and have different abilities.\n\
+         This test signs a ColdSpend with the hot key.\n"
+    );
+    let result = spend_action(
+        &context,
+        &parties,
+        "ColdSpend transaction, signed with the hot key instead of the cold key",
+        SpendPath::ColdSpend,
+        Sequence::default(),
+        &parties.hot,
+        ChangeTo::SpenderWallet,
+    );
+    expect_assert_failure(result, "hot key signed a ColdSpend")
+}
+
+#[simplex::test]
+fn cold_spend_with_inheritor_key_fails(context: simplex::TestContext) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let parties = Parties::new(&context);
+
+    println!(
+        "\n=== ColdSpend, signed with the inheritor's key ===\n\n\
+         The same principle applies to the third of the three wallets.\n"
+    );
+    let result = spend_action(
+        &context,
+        &parties,
+        "ColdSpend transaction, signed with the inheritor's key",
+        SpendPath::ColdSpend,
+        Sequence::default(),
+        &parties.inheritor,
+        ChangeTo::SpenderWallet,
+    );
+    expect_assert_failure(result, "inheritor key signed a ColdSpend")
+}
+
+#[simplex::test]
+fn inherit_with_hot_key_after_wait_fails(context: simplex::TestContext) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let parties = Parties::new(&context);
+
+    println!(
+        "\n=== Inherit, signed with the hot key instead of the inheritor's key ===\n\n\
+         Once again, the keys are not interchangeable and the key used must match the\n\
+         specific spending path it is supposed to authorize.\n"
+    );
+    let result = spend_action(
+        &context,
+        &parties,
+        "Inherit transaction (declared wait satisfied), signed with the hot key",
+        SpendPath::Inherit,
+        Sequence::from_height(INHERITANCE_DISTANCE),
+        &parties.hot,
+        ChangeTo::SpenderWallet,
+    );
+    expect_assert_failure(result, "hot key signed an Inherit")
+}
+
+#[simplex::test]
+fn inherit_with_cold_key_after_wait_fails(context: simplex::TestContext) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let parties = Parties::new(&context);
+
+    println!("\n=== Inherit, signed with the cold key ===\n\nThe same applies to the other owner-held key.\n");
+    let result = spend_action(
+        &context,
+        &parties,
+        "Inherit transaction (declared wait satisfied), signed with the cold key",
+        SpendPath::Inherit,
+        Sequence::from_height(INHERITANCE_DISTANCE),
+        &parties.cold,
+        ChangeTo::SpenderWallet,
+    );
+    expect_assert_failure(result, "cold key signed an Inherit")
+}
+
+// =====================================================================
+// `recursive_covenant()` violations. Each of these tests breaks one of the
+// covenant's structural conditions on purpose.
+// =====================================================================
+
+#[simplex::test]
+fn hot_spend_wrong_output_count_fails(context: simplex::TestContext) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let parties = Parties::new(&context);
+
+    println!(
+        "\n=== HotSpend with only one output ===\n\n\
+         `recursive_covenant()`'s first check is that `num_outputs()` equals 2.\n\
+         Here, the entire 100,000 sats is provided as a single fee output.\n\
+         Since this contract does not constrain the value of the fee output, a\n\
+         stolen hot key could still leak most of the balance to miners this way.\n\
+         This test only shows that skipping the continuation output entirely\n\
+         is caught.\n"
+    );
+    let result = spend_with_exact_outputs(
+        &context,
+        &parties,
+        "HotSpend transaction with a single (fee-only) output",
+        SpendPath::HotSpend,
+        Sequence::default(),
+        &parties.hot,
+        vec![fee_output(FUNDING_AMOUNT, context.get_network())],
+    );
+    expect_assert_failure(result, "HotSpend with 1 output instead of 2")
+}
+
+#[simplex::test]
+fn hot_spend_wrong_continuation_script_fails(context: simplex::TestContext) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let parties = Parties::new(&context);
+
+    println!(
+        "\n=== HotSpend recreating the wrong script ===\n\n\
+         Output 0 here pays to a real last will covenant over the same three keys,\n\
+         differing only in its inheritance distance. Parameters are compiled into\n\
+         the program, so that alone changes the script. `recursive_covenant()`\n\
+         compares the output's script hash against this program's own (not trusting\n\
+         the witness), so a HotSpend can't move the funds into a covenant on\n\
+         different terms while disguised as a routine refresh.\n"
+    );
+
+    // Check the test's premise: a different parameter means a different address.
+    let other = parties.other_covenant_script(&context);
+    anyhow::ensure!(
+        other != parties.script(&context),
+        "changing `inheritance_distance` did not change the covenant's script"
+    );
+
+    let result = spend_action(
+        &context,
+        &parties,
+        "HotSpend transaction recreating a covenant on different terms, not this one",
+        SpendPath::HotSpend,
+        Sequence::default(),
+        &parties.hot,
+        ChangeTo::Other(other),
+    );
+    expect_assert_failure(result, "HotSpend output 0 recreates the wrong script")
+}
+
+#[simplex::test]
+fn hot_spend_non_fee_second_output_fails(context: simplex::TestContext) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let parties = Parties::new(&context);
+
+    println!(
+        "\n=== HotSpend with a real script where the fee output should be ===\n\n\
+         Output 0 correctly recreates the covenant. Output 1, though, has a real\n\
+         destination script instead of the empty scriptPubKey that marks an actual fee\n\
+         output, so `jet::output_is_fee(1)` is `false` and the assertion fails.\n"
+    );
+    let script = parties.script(&context);
+    let not_a_fee = parties.hot.get_address().script_pubkey();
+    let result = spend_with_exact_outputs(
+        &context,
+        &parties,
+        "HotSpend transaction with a non-fee second output",
+        SpendPath::HotSpend,
+        Sequence::default(),
+        &parties.hot,
+        vec![
+            PartialOutput::new(script, 99_000, context.get_network().policy_asset()),
+            PartialOutput::new(not_a_fee, 1_000, context.get_network().policy_asset()),
+        ],
+    );
+    expect_assert_failure(result, "HotSpend output 1 isn't a real fee output")
+}
+
+#[simplex::test]
+fn hot_spend_swapped_outputs_fails(context: simplex::TestContext) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let parties = Parties::new(&context);
+
+    println!(
+        "\n=== HotSpend with the fee and continuation outputs swapped ===\n\n\
+         A real continuation output and a real fee output are both present, but at the\n\
+         wrong indices. Both of `recursive_covenant()`'s checks are position-specific\n\
+         (`output_script_hash(0)`, `output_is_fee(1)`), so swapping the outputs\n\
+         fails.\n"
+    );
+    let script = parties.script(&context);
+    let result = spend_with_exact_outputs(
+        &context,
+        &parties,
+        "HotSpend transaction with fee/continuation outputs swapped",
+        SpendPath::HotSpend,
+        Sequence::default(),
+        &parties.hot,
+        vec![
+            fee_output(1_000, context.get_network()),
+            PartialOutput::new(script, 99_000, context.get_network().policy_asset()),
+        ],
+    );
+    expect_assert_failure(result, "HotSpend outputs in the wrong order")
+}
+
+// =====================================================================
+// Spending chain: the owner refreshes the covenant twice, then exits with
+// ColdSpend.
+// =====================================================================
+
+#[simplex::test]
+fn covenant_survives_two_refreshes_then_breaks_out(context: simplex::TestContext) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let parties = Parties::new(&context);
+
+    println!(
+        "\n=== A full lifecycle: refresh, refresh again, then break out ===\n\n\
+         Three chained transactions. The owner checks in twice with the hot key,\n\
+         each spend consuming the UTXO the previous transaction created, so the\n\
+         covenant persists across several hops. The owner then exits via the cold\n\
+         key. The covenant script is the same at every step.\n"
+    );
+
+    let prog = parties.program();
+    let script = prog.get_script_pubkey(context.get_network());
+
+    let funded = fund_covenant(&context, &script)?;
+
+    // Each hop takes the covenant UTXO it is spending and returns the fresh one
+    // it created, so the chain is threaded by outpoint rather than by refetching
+    // the script. The new balance comes from `UTXO::amount` on that output, so
+    // the hop never needs to know the fee.
+    let hot_spend_hop = |utxo: UTXO, hop_name: &str| -> anyhow::Result<UTXO> {
+        println!("Submitting {hop_name} (HotSpend, {} sats in)...", utxo.amount()?);
+
+        // Paying the change back into the covenant's own script gives
+        // `recursive_covenant()` the outputs it requires.
+        let ft = covenant_spend(prog, utxo, SpendPath::HotSpend, Sequence::default(), script.clone());
+
+        let receipt = parties.hot.broadcast(&ft)?;
+        let txid = receipt.txid();
+
+        // Confirm each hop before the next one spends its output, as
+        // `fund_covenant` does.
+        receipt.wait()?;
+        println!("  -> accepted and confirmed: {receipt}\n");
+
+        covenant_utxo(&context, &script, txid)
+    };
+
+    let after_first = hot_spend_hop(funded, "first refresh")?;
+    println!("Covenant still alive at {} sats.\n", after_first.amount()?);
+    let after_second = hot_spend_hop(after_first, "second refresh")?;
+    println!("Covenant still alive at {} sats.\n", after_second.amount()?);
+
+    // Final hop: break out via ColdSpend, spending the UTXO the second refresh
+    // created.
+    let to = parties.cold.get_address().script_pubkey();
+    let ft = covenant_spend(prog, after_second, SpendPath::ColdSpend, Sequence::default(), to);
+
+    println!("Submitting final hop (ColdSpend, breaking out of the covenant for good)...");
+
+    let receipt = parties.cold.broadcast(&ft)?;
+    println!("  -> accepted: {receipt}\n");
+
+    println!(
+        "The covenant was recreated through two refresh cycles and then ended\n\
+         on purpose.\n"
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}